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The Center for Community Health and Education For 28 years, the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Center for Community Health and Education has provided primary health care and reproductive health services to women and adolescents in northern Manhattan. These services operate under the aegis and in collaboration with the New York-Presbyterian Hospital Ambulatory Care Network. The Center, directed by Lorraine Tiezzi, Associate Clinical Professor of Population and Family Health, collaborates with local public schools, the Columbia University departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Family Medicine, Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, and the School of Dental and Oral Surgery. In 2004, 20,000 unduplicated patients received health care at the Center's six northern Manhattan service sites: 11,429 women at the Family Planning Center and 1,756 men at its affiliated Young Men's Clinic; 2,775 students at school-based health clinics at George Washington High School and Bread and Roses High School (located at the former IS 136 site); and 4,136 students at school-based health clinics at Intermediate Schools 52, 143, and 164. The total number of patient visits at the six sites for medical, mental health, and health education services was 80,852. The Center was the first community-based program in the United States to provide continuity of services from intermediate school clinic to high school clinic to family planning center. The Center is committed to addressing the issues of access to care for the low-income, largely immigrant Washington Heights community and the long-standing health disparities of Central Harlem. Nearly 100 Columbia graduate students complete field placements, practica, and training rotations at the Center's service sites each year. The Center conducts research projects in pregnancy prevention among young adolescents, the Quick Start method of contraception initiation, access to health care for recent immigrants, young men's reproductive health, and the introduction of HIV rapid testing into family planning services. The Center's mission is to provide comprehensive women's health care services; provide primary health care services to adolescents that include medical, mental health, health education, and HIV education and counseling services; prevent early childbearing; delay initiation of first intercourse; increase use of effective contraception among sexually active men and women who are not seeking pregnancy; and provide education to parents so that they can be effective advocates for themselves and their children. In recent years, the Center's programs received awards from the Society for Adolescent Medicine, the Urban League, Family Planning Advocates of New York State, the New York Civil Liberties Union, and the Center for Community Health Partnerships. Family Planning Center The Center for Community Health and Education's Family Planning Center is located in Washington Heights at West 165th Street and Audubon Avenue, two blocks from the New York-Presbyterian/Columbia health sciences campus. In 2004, the Family Planning Center (FPC) provided comprehensive women's health services for 11,429 women who made 35,941 patient visits, making the FPC one of the highest-volume providers of reproductive health care in New York City. Twenty percent (20%) of our patients are age 19 or younger; 95% are Latino; 97% are at or below 100% of the federal poverty level; 33% are uninsured; and approximately 20% are undocumented. More than 4,000 of our patients travel to the FPC from the South Bronx or Manhattan below 154th Street because they value high quality, bilingual, and bicultural services. From the beginning, FPC services have been comprehensive; focusing not only on medical care narrowly defined but on health (including mental health) broadly defined. An important adjunct to clinical services is an active community outreach effort, providing education, information, and referrals at schools, churches, and other community-based sites. The FPC service site is open Monday through Friday, including three evenings, and serves adolescent and adult women, and, at the same site but with separate clinic hours, young men at the Young Men's Clinic (described below). To reduce barriers to care, the FPC program includes the following features:
A multidisciplinary staff of physicians, nurse practitioners, social workers, and health educators offer a wide range of medical, health education, and social services. FPC services include:
The FPC is a point of service system entry for nearly 2,000 women each year who test positive for pregnancy at the FPC and are referred to New York-Presbyterian Hospital for pre-natal care and delivery. On the day of their pregnancy test, women who test positive for pregnancy and desire to carry to term receive their first appointments for prenatal care at New York-Presbyterian Hospital (including, if necessary, appointments at the High-risk Prenatal Care Clinic). These patients receive same day HIV counseling and testing, and same day on-site enrollment into the Prenatal Care Assistance Program, which provides Medicaid coverage for pregnant women with incomes up to 200% of the federal poverty level. The FPC also provides on-site enrollment into the New York State Family Planning Benefit Program, which covers family planning services for women and men up to 200% of the federal poverty level. Research projects at the Family Planning Center include the Quick Start method of contraception initiation, which was pioneered at the FPC by Dr. Carolyn Westhoff, FPC Medical Director. Under Quick Start, a woman, after a negative urine pregnancy test, initiates hormonal contraception at the conclusion of her initial family planning visit, regardless of where she is in her menstrual cycle. Quick Start provides immediate protection against pregnancy, and Dr. Westhoff's study1 found that users have an 88% continuation rate with oral contraception, as opposed to 74% of control group women who were provided with conventional oral contraception starting instructions. The Center is implementing a federally-funded research project on the integration of HIV rapid testing into a family planning practice setting. Please click if you wish to view the English language version of the PowerPoint HIV Education Presentation being used in the FPC waiting room. The Center for Community Health and Education's Education Materials Advisory Committee (EMAC) is comprised of consumers from the northern Manhattan community, staff from collaborating agencies, and Center staff members. The EMAC reviews all new and revised patient educational materials prior to distribution for user-friendliness and for cultural and linguistic appropriateness. Review of new program materials necessitates discussions of program planning and implementation, and review of revised materials involves the discussion of program effectiveness in light of evaluation data. 1 Westhoff, C., Kerns, J., Morroni, C., Cushman, L., Tiezzi, L., Murphy, P.A., "Quick start: a novel oral contraceptive initiation method", Contraception, (66), 2002, pp. 141-145. | TOP |
Young Men's Clinic
The YMC offers three sessions a week and serves young males ages 14 to 30. Over 3,200 visits by 1,700 patients were made to the clinic in 2004, continuing a steady trend in increased utilization since 1998. Services include testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections; HIV counseling and testing; physical exams for sports, school, and work; health education; and social work and referral services. [New York Times article on Young Men's Clinic]  The YMC placed male involvement health educators in the Center's school-based health clinics at George Washington High School in Washington Heights and Bread and Roses High School in Central Harlem. The services of these health educators greatly increased school clinic utilization by males, increased our capacity to provide classroom health education programs, and promoted transition to services at the YMC for graduating students. Our Health Educators also organize extra-curricular activities that help engage male students in SBHC services. Male Involvement Health Educator Alejandro Pawliszyn initiated a soccer program for George Washington High School students.
The YMC site provides a popular clinical experience for first-year medical students at Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons. Students receive training and provide health education services to young men, supervised by a team of HDPFH faculty and YMC physicians, nurse practitioners, and social workers. The YMC also provides a month-long training rotation for all of the third-year Family Medicine residents. YMC and school-based clinic male involvement services are supported by funding from the US DHHS Office of Population Affairs, Office of Family Planning as well as by New York State Department of Health (Bureau of Women's Health). The YMC has collaborated with EngenderHealth on a health education/social marketing cartoon series about men's health. Each cartoon depicts young men engaged in behaviors that promote their own and their partner's health: having an annual physical exam, getting tested for STIs, accompanying a partner to a family planning clinic, accessing vocational services at a community-based agency, inquiring about emergency contraception. [View Cartoon YMCCartoon.ppt]
The YMC has become a widely recognized model for male sexual and reproductive health programs. Public health workers from across the United States and many foreign countries visit the program each year. YMC senior staff provide training in men's reproductive health services at city, state, regional, and national conferences, and have served on numerous advisory and advocacy boards and committees. These include the federal Office of Family Planning Health Educator Curriculum on Male Health Launch Group; Alan Guttmacher Institute, Male Advocacy Network (MAN); the Male Involvement Advisory Committee for OPA Title X, Region II; and the editorial boards of Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health and the International Journal of Men's Health. YMC staff conducted training on men's health at OFP regional workshops throughout the country, Planned Parenthood training institutes in NYC and Philadelphia, and the Male Advocacy Network conference in New Orleans. Three papers on YMC interventions were presented at recent meetings of the American Public Health Association and in the journal Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health:
The Young Men's Clinic is currently completing Year 2 of a 5-year federal research and service grant to study how to effectively provide reproductive health education and clinical services to adolescent and young adult males in clinic-, school- and community-based settings. | TOP |
Project S.T.A.Y. (Services To Assist Youth) Project STAY (Services To Assist Youth) provides sensitive and supportive HIV counseling and testing to high-risk youth, as well as comprehensive medical, psychosocial and case management services to young people living with HIV. Project STAY is funded by the New York State Department of Health's AIDS Institute and is affiliated with Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health (Division of Sociomedical Sciences, Harlem Health Promotion Center), as well as New York-Presbyterian Hospital's Ambulatory Care Network. Service Delivery Model General primary care and family planning services (Family Planning Center and Young Men's Clinic) are under the auspices of The Center for Community Health and Education, and are operational Monday through Friday. Project STAY staff are integrated into both clinics which enhances coordination of care. Specific services for HIV positive youth are available through Project STAY on Monday afternoons and Friday mornings, but special arrangements can be made as necessary to accommodate the needs of clients requiring other time slots for appointments. Project STAY's approach to service delivery embraces a client-centered model which strives to identify both assets as well as risks. A thorough assessment is made of each client and strategies developed which reinforce areas of strength, while addressing health-compromising behaviors. Project STAY's interdisciplinary team meets weekly to review client cases. Emphasis is placed on cooperation as a team to deliver individually-tailored and holistic services. STAY Healthy! – Medical Services Clients testing HIV+ receive a comprehensive clinical assessment, including baseline levels of viral load and T-cell counts. Following the initial evaluation, a medical treatment plan is developed and reviewed with the client and members of Project STAY's team. Educating clients is an important step towards empowerment and participation in the decision-making process. To facilitate learning about how to incorporate HIV management into their lives, Project STAY staff spends extensive time with clients during their clinical visits, which may last 60-90 minutes. Patients are encouraged to come in with a list of questions and concerns that can be addressed during the course of the encounter. Additionally, patients are provided with brochures and articles about different aspects of HIV. Those clients without access to computers are also encouraged to use the clinic's Internet capabilities to search the Web for answers to their queries. Clients are seen as frequently as necessary. Those patients who are stable may only need to check in every three months for physical exams, lab tests and medication renewals. Other young people needing more intensive assistance may be seen several times a week until a medical and/or psycho-social crisis has been resolved. As indicated, prophylactic antibiotics and immunizations are administered to prevent opportunistic infections. Additionally, if a patient's medical condition warrants consideration for placement on highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the patient's lifestyle is examined and a plan developed for minimizing barriers to adherence. After selecting one of several different HAART regiments, the patient is closely monitored for side-effects and problems with adherence. Modifications in treatment plans are made with full patient involvement and participation in strategy formation. Additionally, patients are informed about research protocols in place at New York-Presbyterian Hospital to investigate the benefits of new treatment modalities. If interested, patients can be enrolled in appropriate protocols, but will continue to get their regular care at Project STAY. STAY Safe! – Psychosocial Services Patients in need of intensive individual psychiatric evaluation and medication are referred to a psychiatrist who will see them at Project STAY. Recognizing that HIV is a condition that affects not just the client, support services are also available for family members and significant others, directly or through referrals to a network of community-based support programs. Additional information on Project STAY and the Harlem Health Promotion Center is available at healthyharlem.org. | TOP |
School Based Clinics In 1986, our local New York City school district, now known as Region 10, joined with the Center for Community Health and Education to develop and implement school-based health clinics (SBHCs) located at two intermediate high schools in Washington Heights: IS 52 and IS 164. These were the first intermediate school SBHCs in the United States. In 1989, the Center opened a third clinic at IS 143, and in the subsequent years we opened two more SBHCs at IS 136 (now Bread and Roses Integrated Arts High School) and George Washington High School. The Center is a founding member of the New York State Coalition for School-Based Primary Care and an active member of the National Assembly for School-Based Health Care. We are one of the highest volume SBHC programs in New York State, and have percentages for clinic enrollment (parental consent) and clinic utilization that are far higher than state and national averages.
The SBHCs provide comprehensive services free of charge for primary care, mental health, and health education. In the 2004/2005 school year, 47.3% of patient visits were for medical care, 24.4% of patient visits were for mental health services, and 28.3% of patient visits were for individual or small group health education. The school-based health clinics address topics from teen sexuality to conflict resolution and decision-making. For many patients, the clinics meet needs that would otherwise go unaddressed. A list of these services illustrates the broad range of care available at the clinic:
SBHC confidential reproductive health services include individual and small group education and counseling, pregnancy testing, emergency contraception, provision of effective contraceptives (OCPs, patch, ring, IUD, and injectibles), Quick Start contraceptive initiation, case management for adherence to contraception, condoms, and STI prevention and treatment. The Center is one of the few SBHC programs to offer access to a comprehensive range of contraceptives on site for high school students, and is the first and only SBHC program in NYS to provide contraceptives on site for intermediate school students. Prior to the initiation of our current program, the Center's FPC had a designated person to receive referrals from our SBHCs. In the 2000-2001 school year, 43 referred female IS students received birth control at the FPC. In the year after SBHC on-site provision of birth control was introduced, 108 female IS students received birth control. Each year, across the five SBHCs, nearly 1,000 young women receive contraceptives on site. The Center is a leader in improving systemic access to pregnancy prevention and reproductive health services for NYC adolescents. The multidisciplinary team at each SBHC site includes a licensed psychologist or social worker who provides assessment, treatment, and follow-up services for crisis intervention, stress management, social service referral and coordination, parent and teacher meetings, and referral for other mental health services. Issues addressed include physical and sexual abuse, social isolation, depression, suicide risk, adjustment disorders due to immigrant circular migration, academic difficulties, social relations, family dynamics, peer pressure, puberty, access to specialized health services, and career choices. In the 2001-2002 school year, the Center hired a male health educator to work at the Bread and Roses/IS 136 SBHC. In one year, clinic utilization by males increased from 10% to 71%. In 2004, the Center received a federal research and service grant for male reproductive health that permitted hiring a second male health educator for George Washington High School. In the first year of the program, 429 male students receiving individual SBHC health education visits, an increase of more than 70% over the previous year. The Center recently completed a NYS Department of Health-funded demonstration project that provided New York-Presbyterian/Columbia medical students and residents with on site training in the delivery of school-based health services. A brief report on the project was published in The Journal of School Health. The Center also provides many special health care and health education programs, listed below. | TOP |
Child Sight Program Since 1994, the Center's school-based clinic program has partnered with Helen Keller International and the Columbia University Department of Ophthalmology to provide vision screening services and eyeglasses for northern Manhattan adolescents. Our Child Sight Program follows the model developed by Helen Keller International. Since 1994, we have provided glasses to over 3,000 students. In the the 2004/2005 school year, the Child Sight Program provided 1,006 students with screening, and 327 of these students received free eyeglasses on the same day. The need for improved vision care for students became apparent to clinic staff some years ago, and the collaboration between Helen Keller and Child Sight has been enormously successful. | TOP |
Health Education Programs Because the essence of public health is the prevention of disease and the promotion of good health, school, parent, and community health education are basic parts of the Center's mission. In 2004, the Center provided health education interventions for nearly 20,000 northern Manhattan teens and adults through the following programs:
Over the years, dozens of Mailman School of Public Health students contributed to these programs by participating in the design and implementation of formative research surveys, focus groups, curricula, and pre- and post-test instruments to measure intervention effectiveness. | TOP |
Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Programs This past year our New York State Department of Health-funded Tobacco Prevention program continued implementation of classroom and small group education sessions and individual assessments and interventions for smokers. A total of 144 classroom presentations to 1,667 students and 45 small group sessions for 161 students on tobacco prevention education were conducted in the 2003-2004 academic year. The tobacco prevention program includes youth-to-youth social marketing: a "Kick Butts Day" day was organized at one school, and a George Washington High School student media group met weekly to design, act out and edit their own videos and PSAs on tobacco prevention. The video produced in 2004-2005 is titled, "Master Anti-Smoker. Stills from the ten-minute satirical Teens Acting Out video "The News Show", with an "It's raining cigarettes" weather report, may be seen at the website of our collaborating organization, Global Action Project. www.global-action.org/main.html. | TOP |
Family Planning Waiting Room Presentations During 2004, Family Planning Center staff conducted 206 waiting room education sessions reaching 4,894 individuals. The sessions cover topics including: STD/HIV risk awareness and reduction and HIV counseling and testing, presentations on PCAP enrollment, the family planning extension program, the family planning Medicaid managed care waiver as well as a general overview of available birth control methods. Young Men's Clinic staff conducted 168 waiting room presentations for 5,155 patients. 91 of these sessions were during FPC hours (to encourage female patients to refer males) and 77 sessions were held during YMC hours. | TOP |
In Your Face Teen Pregnancy Prevention (IYF) Pregnancy prevention and STI prevention for young adolescents are urgent national and New York City problems. A recent report ("14 and Younger: The Sexual Behavior of Young Adolescents", The National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy, teenpregnancy.org, May, 2003) reviewed data from seven surveys of young adolescent sexual behavior across the nation, and found that:
The reproductive health education component of our middle school clinic program, IYF, is now in its twelfth year. It is designed to delay the onset of sexual intercourse and reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy, HIV, and other STIs by providing information, counseling, support, and referral for reproductive health care. The primary strategies of the program are group and classroom interventions, individual education and counseling, and intensive "In Your Face" case management for sexually active and at-risk students.2 Classroom and small group educational sessions cover topics such as values, sense of self, goal setting, decision making, communication skills, gender roles, gender violence, boundaries, assertiveness, refusal skills, reproduction and anatomy, and STIs. The defining component of IYF is the one-to-one case management relationship between the health educator and the at-risk or sexually active client. The relationship is referred to as "la confianza", a term that is translated as "trust" but goes beyond trust to include comfort, freedom of expression, a relationship with a good friend, confidentiality, someone who will listen, someone who does not require perfect articulation of a problem, someone to whom one can disclose, and someone who will help. La confianza is a "caring adult" protective factor that is particularly well suited for teens from immigrant families who may have experienced severe disruptions in relations with parent figures. An interdisciplinary team approach to services is essential to providing health education, access to care, and psychosocial support. This approach acknowledges the reality that for health education to be maximally effective, it needs to be combined with easy access to services, as well as support and counseling for the multiplicity of complex psychosocial issues that present barriers to behavior change, health promotion, and health maintenance. In 2004, the Center's school-based Health Educators provided 1,953 one-on-one risk reduction counseling sessions for intermediate school adolescents, and an additional 2,353 individual education and counseling sessions for patients of our high school clinics. The school-based clinics conducted a total of 777 small group sessions for a total of more than 4,000 group session visits. 2 Tiezzi, L., Lipschutz, J., Wrobleski, N., Vaughan, R., McCarthy, J., "Pregnancy Prevention Among Urban Adolescents Younger than 15: Results of the 'In Your Face' Program", Family Planing Perspectives, 29(4), July/August, 1997, pp. 173-176. | TOP |
Teen Power Program The Teen Power Program, designed to promote abstinence in younger adolescents, is in its sixth year of operation at IS 143 in Washington Heights. Teen Power provides more than 500 middle school students each year with a six-session classroom-based health education program designed to help young students process media messages, resist peer pressure, develop decision making skills, and develop healthy, positive educational and life goals. Woven into the six lessons are key messages on preventing pregnancy and STI infection. The classroom intervention is followed up with clinic-based groups for higher-risk students. The classroom- and clinic-based health education is supplemented by after-school and parent outreach components that focus on positive youth development strategies. In the 2003-2004 school year, 114 Teen Power classroom sessions reaching 513 adolescents were conducted through this adolescent pregnancy prevention initiative. Through its media project involving youth, Teen Power distributed "What is." posters about parent/child communication in the Washington Heights area, a Teen Power Newsletter, and aired several public service announcements and short videos on a local cable channel that were designed, staffed and edited by junior high youth in the program. Global Action Project worked with students of the Center's Teen Power program to produce "Three Girls in the Heights", a day in the life of three girls in Washington Heights, NY, that uses docu-style drama to examine sexual abuse, peer pressure, addiction, and the power of friendship; and two videos related to sexual harassment, "Sex is Serious" and "Step Off!!!". Stills of these and other Teen Power videos may be seen at www.global-action.org/main.html. In 2004-2005, Teen Power students produced "Gangs/Gangas", which concerned resisting peer pressure to join gangs. | TOP |
HIV Prevention Program and The Center's comprehensive adolescent HIV prevention program includes age-appropriate classroom curricula, peer education, peer internships, staff development workshops, and a parent education initiative. Our program assists schools to fulfill the New York City Department of Education's AIDS education mandate and is funded by the AIDS Institute of the New York State Department of Health. The classroom program consists of six class sessions led by experienced clinic staff members, who are assisted by teen peer educators for some of the presentations. Coordination with school-assigned homework is part of the curricula: reading and writing assignments are not only thought-provoking, but help students prepare for required exams. The sessions include: basic information about anatomy, physiology, and human reproduction; sexuality; HIV/AIDS; risk reduction techniques; abstinence, negotiation skills, and pregnancy and STI prevention; and substance abuse and its relationship to HIV. An anonymous questionnaire is given to each student at the first session and again at the last session with the intent of measuring knowledge and attitudes among participants. The post-test also includes an evaluation component with student feedback for use in program development. Four refresher sessions are offered in the twelfth grade classes. The HIV Prevention Program reached 9,775 junior high and high school students through 391 classroom presentations in the 2003-2004 school year. Our HIV Peer Educators conducted 15 presentations reaching 212 participants in the Summer Youth Employment Program. Special peer educator events in 2004 included outreach to school cafeterias during National Condom Awareness Week, "Stay Safe" valentines, informational postcards on stories of women and girls, and red ribbons distributed for World AIDS Day. HIV Peer Interns developed educational posters and other projects that were presented to fellow students. | TOP |
Reproductive Health Education for Adolescent Males The Center's nationally recognized Young Men's Clinic is based upon the service philosophy that male reproductive health patients are treated as patients in their own right, and not as collaterals to female patients. We have taken the same approach to introducing enhanced male services into our school-based health center program. The male-focus program was first introduced at the IS 136/Bread and Roses Integrated Arts High School facility in Central Harlem. As a result of hiring a dedicated male health educator, the percentage of males enrolled in the school and seen at the SBHC increased from 10% in the 1999-2000 school year to 72% in the 2001-2002 school year. In 2003, the Center received a research and service grant from the federal Office of Family Planning/Office of Population Affairs that enabled us to hire a second male health educator to work at the SBHC in George Washington High School. The first year of the male involvement health educator program at this school also resulted in significantly increased SBHC utilization by males. 920 unduplicated male students were clinic patients (71% of male student enrollment in the school) as compared to 565 males (44% of enrolled male students) for the previous year. In 2004, 511 male students received 747 individual and 1,082 group health education visits at the SBHCs. The male involvement health educators made 92 classroom presentations to 2,416 male and female students. Besides conducting formal educational programs, both male health educators engage students informally in the cafeteria and hallways, and initiate afterschool activities such as a basketball tournament, running club, and soccer team. The male health educators work closely with the Young Men's Clinic staff to maintain programmatic consistency, and to provide referrals for young men when they graduate from high school. The Young Men's Clinic and the Center's SBHC health education programs demonstrate that adolescent and young adult urban minority males may be engaged and retained in reproductive health services. Northern Manhattan young men are treated as patients in their own right, and receive high quality, barrier free, and culturally appropriate services. Our programs for men undergo Continuous Quality Improvement in medical care, outreach, health education strategies, and data collection and evaluation. There are few programs in the nation that address reproductive health for this population, and most of these are short-term demonstration projects. The Center's programs have achieved national recognition both for their outcomes and for the sustainability of their service models. | TOP |
Parent Education and Community Health Initiatives Since the 1970s, the Center for Community Health and Education has offered parent workshops on family life, sexuality, and adolescent growth and development. Recognizing that a strong parent-child relationship is fundamental to an adolescent's development, the Adult Parent Education Program seeks to involve parents as both advocates and educators for their children and their children's peers. The program is unique in its effort to enlist the support of parents in reaching inner-city youth. The curriculum helps increase the sexual literacy of the parents themselves, who often share many of their children's misconceptions and fears about sexuality and sexual expression. Thousands of northern Manhattan parents have participated in these workshops. We achieve community acceptance by utilizing a consumer-driven approach that relies upon parents to tell us what they need to know. Each parent association or group chooses educational workshop session on topics of interest to them. During recent months, these sessions, which are often presented in Spanish, included topics such as: Communicating with your Early Adolescent, Birth Control and STIs, Health Awareness, Domestic Violence, Helping your Children Deal with Test Anxiety, and How to Deal with Your Child's Anger. In 2004, the Center provided 55 educational sessions for groups of parents, 77 educational sessions or staff training workshops for northern Manhattan community groups or community-based organizations, and 16 educational presentations for youth organizations other than school groups. Center staff also participated in 9 community health fairs with nearly 1,500 participants. | TOP | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The YMC is a popular training site for Columbia's public health and medical students as well as resident physicians from NYPH. Recent public health student projects included: